human
Homo sapiens
(Graphic courtesy of CBSE)

The February 2009 human reference sequence (GRCh37) was produced by the Genome Reference Consortium. For more information about this assembly, see GRCh37 in the NCBI Assembly database.

Sample position queries

A genome position can be specified by the accession number of a sequenced genomic clone, an mRNA or EST or STS marker, a chromosomal coordinate range, or keywords from the GenBank description of an mRNA. The following list shows examples of valid position queries for the human genome. See the User's Guide for more information.

Request:
   Genome Browser Response:

chr7 Displays all of chromosome 7
chrUn_gl000212 Displays all of the unplaced contig gl000212
20p13 Displays region for band p13 on chr 20
chr3:1-1000000 Displays first million bases of chr 3, counting from p-arm telomere
chr3:1000000+2000 Displays a region of chr3 that spans 2000 bases, starting with position 1000000

RH18061;RH80175
15q11;15q13
rs1042522;rs1800370
Displays region between genome landmarks, such as the STS markers RH18061 and RH80175, or chromosome bands 15q11 to 15q13, or SNPs rs1042522 and rs1800370. This syntax may also be used for other range queries, such as between uniquely determined ESTs, mRNAs, refSeqs, etc.

D16S3046 Displays region around STS marker D16S3046 from the Genethon/Marshfield maps. Includes 100,000 bases on each side as well.
AA205474 Displays region of EST with GenBank accession AA205474 in BRCA1 cancer gene on chr 17
AC008101 Displays region of clone with GenBank accession AC008101
AF083811 Displays region of mRNA with GenBank accession number AF083811
PRNP Displays region of genome with HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee identifier PRNP
NM_017414
Displays the region of genome with RefSeq identifier NM_017414
NP_059110
Displays the region of genome with protein accession number NP_059110

pseudogene mRNA Lists transcribed pseudogenes, but not cDNAs
homeobox caudal Lists mRNAs for caudal homeobox genes
zinc finger Lists many zinc finger mRNAs
kruppel zinc finger Lists only kruppel-like zinc fingers
huntington Lists candidate genes associated with Huntington's disease
zahler Lists mRNAs deposited by scientist named Zahler
Evans,J.E. Lists mRNAs deposited by co-author J.E. Evans

Use this last format for author queries. Although GenBank requires the search format Evans JE, internally it uses the format Evans,J.E..


Assembly Details

The GRCh37 build reference sequence is considered to be "finished", a technical term indicating that the sequence is highly accurate (with fewer than one error per 10,000 bases) and highly contiguous (with the only remaining gaps corresponding to regions whose sequence cannot be reliably resolved with current technology). Future work on the reference sequence will focus on improving accuracy and reducing gaps in the sequence. Statistics for the GRCh37 build assembly can be found on the NCBI Build 37.1 Statistics web page. For a glossary of assembly-related terms, please see the GRC Assembly Terminology page.

Note on chrM
Since the release of the UCSC hg19 assembly, the Homo sapiens mitochondrion sequence used as "chrM" in the Genome Browser, NC_001807, has been replaced in GenBank with the record NC_012920, the Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). We have not replaced the chrM sequence in the hg19 Genome Browser. However, in March 2020 we added the rCRS sequence to hg19 separately as "chrMT". In the latest human assembly release (Dec. 2013, GRCh38/hg38), "chrM" is the rCRS and NC_001807 is not included.

Chromosome naming scheme
In addition to the "regular" chromosomes, the hg19 browser contains 9 alternative haplotype sequences, 39 unplaced contigs, and 20 unlocalized contigs from the initial GRCh37 assembly release. In March 2020 we added patch sequences from GRC patch release 13 (GRCh37.p13): 73 "novel" patches (alternative haplotype sequences) and 131 "fix" patches (corrected sequences). For unlocalized contigs, the contig name is appended to the regular chromosome name, as in chr1_gl000191_random. If the chromosome is unknown, the contig is represented with the name "chrUn" followed by the contig identifier, as in chrUn_gl000211. Note that the chrUn contigs are no longer placed in a single, artificial chromosome as they have been in previous UCSC assemblies. The 9 alternative haplotypes released with the original assembly are shown in the table below. For subsequent alternative haplotype patches the regular chromosome name is followed by the contig accession and then "_alt", for example chr5_gl339449_alt. Fix sequences introduced by patches are named in a similar fashion but with "_fix" instead of "_alt", e.g. chrX_jh806590_fix. Additional information on alt and fix sequences can be found in our FAQ. See the sequences page for a complete list of hg19 sequences.

The nine haplotype sequences in the initial GRCh37 release are named:
nameaccessionUCSC chr name
HSCHR6_MHC_APD_CTG1GL000250.1chr6_apd_hap1
HSCHR6_MHC_COX_CTG1GL000251.1chr6_cox_hap2
HSCHR6_MHC_DBB_CTG1GL000252.1chr6_dbb_hap3
HSCHR6_MHC_MANN_CTG1GL000253.1chr6_mann_hap4
HSCHR6_MHC_MCF_CTG1GL000254.1chr6_mcf_hap5
HSCHR6_MHC_QBL_CTG1GL000255.1chr6_qbl_hap6
HSCHR6_MHC_SSTO_CTG1GL000256.1chr6_ssto_hap7
HSCHR4_1_CTG9GL000257.1chr4_ctg9_hap1
HSCHR17_1_CTG5GL000258.1chr17_ctg5_hap1

See the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute MHC Haplotype Project web site for additional information on the chr6 alternate haplotype assemblies.

The Y chromosome in this assembly contains two pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) that were taken from the corresponding regions in the X chromosome and are exact duplicates:

chrY:10001-2649520 and chrY:59034050-59363566
chrX:60001-2699520 and chrX:154931044-155260560

For further information on GRCh37 build see the NCBI GRCh37 release notes.

Bulk downloads of the sequence and annotation data are available via the Genome Browser FTP server or the Downloads page. We recommend that you use rsync for downloading large or multiple files.

The hg19 annotation tracks were generated by UCSC and collaborators worldwide. See the Credits page for a detailed list of the organizations and individuals who contributed to this release.


GenBank Pipeline Details

For the purposes of the GenBank alignment pipeline, this assembly is considered to be: finished.