Description

DNase I hypersensitivity identifies regions of open chromatin, which are often associated with regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and insulators. This track displays genome-wide DNase I hypersensitivity signal, as determined by ENCODE DNase-seq data across all phases of the project. Higher signal intensity indicates greater chromatin accessibility, suggesting potential regulatory activity. Regulatory elements -- especially promoters -- tend to be strongly DNase-sensitive. The data are processed following the ENCODE DNase-seq pipeline. Additional chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding datasets are available at the ENCODE portal.

This track displays DNase signals averaged across biosamples from the same organ or tissue. Two versions of each subtrack are available:

• Tissues and Primary Cells Only: Restricts to DNase-seq data from tissues and primary cells, focusing on chromatin accessibility in biosamples that more closely reflect in vivo cell states and developmental contexts.
• All Biosamples: Includes DNase-seq data from all biosample types -- tissues, primary cells, cell lines, in vitro differentiated cells, and organoids -- providing a comprehensive view of chromatin accessibility across diverse biological systems.

In both versions, DNase signal is averaged across biosamples within the same organ/tissue category and displayed using a transparent overlay. For organs or tissues with only tissue or primary cell experiments, a single subtrack is shown because the two versions would be identical. For organs or tissues with only experiments from cell lines, in vitro differentiated cells, or organoids, a single all-biosample subtrack is shown. For organs or tissues that include both types, both versions are provided.

Available Organs and Tissues

For organs or tissues with only tissue or primary cell experiments, a single subtrack is shown. For organs or tissues with only experiments from cell lines, in vitro differentiated cells, or organoids, a single all-biosample subtrack is shown. For organs or tissues that include both types, both versions are provided.

Display Conventions and Configuration

This track uses a transparent overlay to visualize data from multiple organs or tissues within the same vertical space. For each organ or tissue, signals from all associated experiments were averaged to generate the displayed track. Each organ or tissue is assigned a distinct color following the ENCODE color mapping convention, selected to be light and saturated to maintain clarity when overlaid. Initially, each layered track displays an overlay of five representative organs: blood, brain, kidney, liver, and muscle. Clicking on the track opens a details page where you can view and select organs or tissues.

Data Access

The ENCODE 4 Regulation data on the UCSC Genome Browser can be explored interactively with the Table Browser or the Data Integrator. For automated download and analysis, the genome annotation is stored in bigWig files that can be downloaded from our download server. The data may also be explored interactively using our REST API. The original data files are also available from the ENCODE portal.

These files may also be locally explored using our tool bigWigToWig, which can be compiled from the source code or downloaded as a precompiled binary for your system. Instructions for downloading source code and binaries can be found here. The tool can also be used to obtain data confined to a given range, e.g.,

bigWigToWig -chrom=chr1 -start=100000 -end=100500 https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/gbdb/hg38/encode4/regulation/organAve/adiposeDNase.bw stdout

Credits

Data were generated by the ENCODE Consortium. We thank the production labs for generating the data: Drs. Gregory Crawford (Duke) and John Stamatoyannopoulos (UW). The data were further processed for visualization through a collaborative effort between the Weng lab and the Moore lab at UMass Chan Medical School (funded by NIH grant HG012343). Integration and visualization were developed by Drs. Mingshi Gao, Jill Moore, and Zhiping Weng at UMass Chan Medical School, who were part of the ENCODE Data Analysis Center.

References

ENCODE Project Consortium, Moore JE, Purcaro MJ, Pratt HE, Epstein CB, Shoresh N, Adrian J, Kawli T, Davis CA, Dobin A et al. Expanded encyclopaedias of DNA elements in the human and mouse genomes. Nature. 2020 Jul;583(7818):699-710. PMID: 32728249; PMC: PMC7410828

Moore JE, Pratt HE, Fan K, Phalke N, Fisher J, Elhajjajy SI, Andrews G, Gao M, Shedd N, Fu Y et al. An Expanded Registry of Candidate cis-Regulatory Elements for Studying Transcriptional Regulation. Nature. 2026 January 7. PMID: 39763870; PMC: PMC11703161